Project Management The WritePass Journal

Venture Management Presentation Venture Management , pp. 1016). At such pivotal time, the significance of including uniqueness, multifaceted nature and limitations adds to the accomplishment of the IT anticipate. It is likewise of key worry to address the issues of restricted assets and oversee cost control. In Health IT framework, the undertaking group requires the contact and access with specialists of IT arrangements. The group likewise requires associating with the key administration so as to take endorsements from them in executing the significant choices of the venture. The group likewise works with particular assets to evaluate the attainability of the undertaking (Wager et.al 2009, pp. 412). For all these referenced reasons, it is essential that office supervisor is very much aware of the task stages. This guarantees the best nature of administrations and most minimal potential costs that the organization needs to pay. Stages The task the board of any kind is characterized as a lot of various exercises. Every one of these stages are joined to frame a Project Life Cycle. The IT usage venture in human services is likewise a comparable stages set that involves various stages. These stages structure the tasks of the undertaking that become nonstop business exercises with time. As an office administrator, my job can be characterized from the administration point of view. The office chief ought to guarantee that the venture group is accepting all the necessary assets. The periods of the venture the board can be characterized as abbreviation C-D-E-F (Coplan Masuda 2011, pp. 154). There are four primary stages that are known as Conceptual Phase, Design Phase, Execution Phase and Finishing Phase. In the principal period of venture the executives, there is thought age step. The undertaking begins from this stage and it incorporates an attainable report. The motivation behind the venture is likewise characterized in this stage. The undertaking of IT usage in Health Company principally assessed and surveys the need that created this thought. It additionally related the issues because of the nonappearance of IT to the vital goals of the organization. The subsequent stage is the Development Phase. It is the obligation of the task group to plan, structure and basically survey the idea of the IT anticipate. Key individuals are recognized and named in this stage. The exercises that are to be led in this stage are setting venture scope, recognizing the assets and budgetary financial plan and arranging a course of events. In Execution Phase, the organization will complete exercises like the real usage of the task. This stage is additionally set apart by control and checking exercises. For this reason, organization will be associated with definite documentation process. It will likewise arrange and control exercises in such manner that they welcome the goals of the venture (Didraga 2012, pp. 1019). The last stage is the Finishing Phase. To guarantee the functionality of the task, it is tried and charged. From that point forward, the undertaking will be finished off and moved to the principle partners. The exercises that structure this period of the Health IT anticipate are concluding all the agreements, moving the obligation to the venture conveyor and the partners. The partners likewise incorporate the end clients of the task for whom venture was started. It is of note to audit all subtleties, input and assessment reports toward the finish of this stage (Obradovic et.al 2012, pp. 2106). Qualities The fundamental attributes of venture the board life cycle that can be connected with the task in the conversation are: Surveying the fixation factors that structure the expense and staff. The convergence of this venture is low in the beginning and increments as the task moving toward end stage. Venture the executives lifecycle will help the organization in including esteem the results of the undertaking. The odds of accomplishment of the venture increment as the stages increment. Toward the beginning of this task, hazard is most elevated due to non-accessibility of numerous assets and exercises (Mattern Scott 2011, pp. 620). The expenses can be kept up as the task pushes ahead. This is on the grounds that more mistakes are recognizable with the progression of time. Key choices can be reconsidered that lead to potential reserve funds from changes. The possibility to accomplish lesser expenses are most noteworthy in the main stage and step by step decline with time. The attributes of task can likewise be influenced by the partners engaged with the venture. The dangers and vulnerabilities associated with the undertaking are most elevated in the underlying stages. These dangers at that point diminish with time. Data created during the initial two stages is ofâ the crucial significance. Comparative data is utilized at later phases of undertaking the board life cycle (Coplan Masuda 2011, pp. 174). Advantages The advantages of this task are multi-overlap. The effective finish of this undertaking will expand the creation rate (Kerzner and Kerzner 2004, p. 434). This venture will help in plainly rethinking the jobs and necessities of the human services suppliers. Fruitful execution will expand the pace of correspondence offices between the partners (Kerzner and Kerzner 2004, p. 434). This project’s fruition will improve the coordination and productivity of procedures engaged with keeping up the wellbeing records (Kerzner and Kerzner 2004, p. 434). An away from of correspondence will be built up between organization itself, and the task group (Rosenhead 2012). By normalizing the strategies of wellbeing data, better preparing can be structured that will prompt clear desires (Rosenhead 2012). Key partners Their Needs Key partners are faculty inside the board or council who will be the most powerful to the venture (Shirley 2011, p. 41). It is fundamental that each key partners comprehend, concur and remain advised of the task. Detailing rules are fundamental during a venture so as to meet the partners needs (Shirley 2011, p. 102). This reality requires a working correspondence plan all through the whole venture. By concentrating on the necessities of thekey partners, esteem is added to the venture (Bigelow 2004, pp. 24). Fruitful execution of Health IT administrations requires the stakeholder’s evaluation during the venture so as to guarantee satisfactory usage. The essential overseers like doctors, clinical help staff and care staff ought to effectively take an interest in the venture the executives life cycle to aid the structure of the activities capacity to meet the expected needs (Bigelow 2004, pp. 24).â The incorporation of the staff is basic for long haul easing of potential obstru ctions (Shirley 2011, p. 102). Key partners of this task are: Senior administration of the organization. The administration needs the framework so as to check their upper hand over the adversaries. This objective is accomplished by executing a critical clinical framework. The administration is additionally worried about the expense and assets issues in making venture a reality, mirroring the worries of the top level of numerous organizations (Shirley 2011, p. 195). Suppliers of Health Care. The necessities of suppliers for this framework are to deal with the work process and all data of the clinical records. This fragment of partners is the chief end client of the framework. In this way, the necessities of this fragment ought to be all around executed in the undertaking from the beginning (Navalta 2012, pp. 2). The Nursing staff. This fragment will likewise require the framework, assigned among the essential recipients. They need the framework to accomplish time investment funds in clinical applications. They can get to the data rapidly and can utilize the data to frame the strong premise of their discoveries. The expansion of instruments that permit the entrance to far reaching clinical record will enable the nursing to staff in dealing with the work process (Shirley 2011, p. 91). Facility directors. This fragment will require the IT framework to oversee everyday clinical tasks. This part to prompt an increasingly effective administration approach (Shirley 2011, p. 91), which thus can prompt quality improvement activities. Charging and managerial staff need such framework so as to execute practice the executives framework. Through this framework, the staff can have more handle on the clinical charging exercises (Obradovic et.al 2012, pp. 2110). Undertaking Plan Goals Destinations serve to distinguish both the specialized and business objectives related with the venture (Kerzner and Kerzner 2004, p. 224). The essential target of this venture means to actualize an unpredictable cross utilitarian activity in the wellbeing framework. A Secondary target will be the foundation of an upgraded preparing technique that empowers better execution of related hands on the job. Achievements Achievements fill in as survey and synchronization focuses, permitting the group to effectively follow the execution example of the task (Kerzner and Kerzner 2004, p. 128): Meaning of direction and use of a possibility study. Distinguishing proof of money related and work force assets. This is the advancement stage Execution, Testing and Commissioning. Last closeout and move to the partners. Singular commitments Singular commitments make up the different components that meet up to contain a whole venture (Kerzner and Kerzner 2004, p. 234): The board supplies thoughts and initiation focuses. The undertaking group plans, structures and basically surveys the venture. Standard organization offices are used to deliver documentation on the side of the undertaking. The undertaking carrier settles establishment and regulates the task. Partners flexibly the required money related assets for the task. Usage of Methods of Monitoring Project Progress Observing and the control of the task during the different stages combined with making the right move on account of deviations is an essential part of oversight in any venture (Schwalbe 2000, p. 111).â This region includes the integratio

African Nobel Prize Winners

African Nobel Prize Winners 25 Nobel Laureates have been conceived in Africa. Of those, 10 have been from South Africa, and another six were conceived in Egypt. Different nations to have delivered a Nobel Laureate are (French) Algeria, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Morocco, and Nigeria. Look down for a full rundown of victors. The Early Winners The primary individual from Africa to win a Nobel Prize was Max Theiler, a South African man who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1951. After six years, the renowned absurdist logician and creator Albert Camus won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Camus was French, thus numerous individuals expect he was conceived in France, yet he was in actuality conceived, raised, and taught in French Algeria. Both Theiler and Camus had emigrated out of Africa at the hour of their honors, be that as it may, making Albert Lutuli the main individual to be granted a Nobel Prize for work finished in Africa. At that point, Lutuli (who was conceived in Southern Rhodesia, which is currently Zimbabwe) was the President of the African National Congress in South Africa and was granted the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize for his job driving the peaceful battle against politically-sanctioned racial segregation. Africas Brain Drain Like Theiler and Camus, numerous African Nobel Laureates have emigrated from their nations of birth and burned through the vast majority of their working vocations in Europe or the United States.â As of 2014, not one African Nobel Laureate has been associated with an African research organization at the hour of their honor as dictated by the Nobel Prize establishment. (Those triumphant honors in Peace and Literature are not commonly associated with such organizations. Numerous victors in those fields were living and working in Africa at the hour of their award.)â â These people give an away from of the much-examined mind channel from Africa. Scholarly people with promising examination professions every now and again wind up living and working at better-subsidized research organizations past Africa’s shores. This is to a great extent an issue of financial matters and the intensity of institutions’ notorieties. Shockingly, it is difficult to rival names like Harvard or Cambridge, or the offices and scholarly incitement that establishments like these can offer. Female Laureates Counting the 2014 awardees, there have been 889 all out Nobel Laureates, implying that people from Africa make up just about 3% of Nobel Prize victors. Of the 46 ladies to ever win a Nobel Prize, in any case, five have been from Africa, making 11% of female awardees African. Three of those honors were Peace Prizes, while one was in Literature and one in Chemistry. African Noble Prize Winners 1951â Max Theiler, Physiology or Medicine1957â Albert Camus, Literature1960â Albert Lutuli, Peace1964â Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, Chemistry1978â Anwar El Sadat, Peace1979â Allan M. Cormack, Physiology or Medicine1984â Desmond Tutu, Peace1985â Claude Simon, Literature1986â Wole Soyinka, Literature1988â Naguib Mahfouz, Literature1991â Nadine Gordimer, Literature1993â F.W. de Klerk, Peace1993â Nelson Mandela, Peace1994â Yassir Arafat, Peace1997â Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Physics1999â Ahmed Zewail, Chemistry2001â Kofi Annan, Peace2002â Sydney Brenner, Physiology or Medicine2003  J. M. Coetzee, Literature2004â Wangari Maathai, Peace2005â Mohamed El Baradei, Peace2011â Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Peace2011â Leymah Gbowee, Peace2012â Serge Haroche, Physics2013â Michael Levitt, Chemistry Sources Used in this Article  â€Å"Nobel Prizes and Laureates†, â€Å"Nobel Laureates and Research Affiliations†, and â€Å"Nobel Laureates and ​Country of Birth†all from Nobelprize.org, Nobel Media AB, 2014.

Taking Antidepressants During Pregnancy

Taking Antidepressants During Pregnancy Depression Treatment Medication Print Taking Antidepressants During Pregnancy Mothers Mental Health and Medication Safety By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Updated on February 06, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Wavebreakmedia / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Pregnancy & Depression Antidepressant Safety Types of Antidepressants Natural Treatments Risks of  Untreated  Depression View All Deciding whether to start or continue taking an  antidepressant  if you become pregnant can  be a difficult decision.  Expectant parents often worry that certain exposures during pregnancy will cause birth defects.  Prospective parents may wonder if medications will negatively affect their attempts to conceive.     Studies  have indicated that many  medicationsâ€"including  antidepressantsâ€"may  affect  a  developing fetus. However, research has also  demonstrated that  maternal depression  can  negatively impact fetal development. These effects  may even have lasting  consequences that stretch into childhood and beyond. Deciding whether to take antidepressants during pregnancy is not a decision you need to make alone. Armed with the facts  about each type of antidepressant,  you can discuss the pros and cons of  your  choice with your doctor and mental health care provider.   Pregnancy and Depression In 2019, the  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  (CDC)  published a report on the rate of depression in women giving birth in a hospital between 2000â€"2015.  According to data,  the rate of depression in 2015 was  seven times higher  than it had been in 2000.??     Previous  research published in 2007  had indicated that  the rate of depression among pregnant women was  between 12% and 15%.?? The rate of depression in U.S. women overall  is around 10%, according to the CDC.  ?? According to  a 2012 report  from the  CDC,  depression in pregnancy often goes  undiagnosed.  Of  all  people who are diagnosed with depression  (whether they are pregnant or not),  only about half receive treatment.  Approximately 39% of pregnant people are prescribed medication to treat depression.     Pregnancy causes a cascade of physiological and psychological changes that may increase a person’s risk of depression. This risk may even  extend after the birth of a  child  and contribute  to symptoms of  postpartum depression.     Pregnancy and Antidepressants     The biological  stress of  pregnancy, such as shifting hormones,  can  also  change  how the  brain and body  respond to antidepressants.?? These changes can impact everything from  how the medications are metabolized and absorbed, to how they are eliminated.??  The ramifications may affect both the pregnant parent and the developing fetus.   Pregnancy may affect how well an antidepressant works or the side effects it causes.  Even if someone does not wish to stop taking  an  antidepressant  while  they are pregnant, they may need to adjust the dose.   Antidepressants can  cross the placenta and enter the amniotic fluid. The medications also pass into breastmilk, meaning exposure can continue after a baby is born  through breastfeeding.     Many studies have suggested that antidepressants can impact fetal development, but the evidence has not been conclusive.  Research on the effects of antidepressants in pregnancy is limited largely due to  ethical restrictions.??     People who are pregnant,  fetuses,  and newborns  cannot be directly subjected to the  type of testing or  experimentation  that would be necessary to  provide more definitive proof of the medication’s effects.   Based on what researchers do understand about the mechanisms of both pregnancy and pharmaceutical treatments for depression, it’s likely that many factors determine what, if any, effect antidepressants have.   Types of Antidepressants Each class  of  antidepressant medication carries  its own set of  risks.  Everyone  who is taking an antidepressant needs to be informed of  and understand these  risks. If you  are pregnant  or planning to conceive,  it’s important to discuss your individual risk factors with your doctor. The  FDA categorizes and labels all drugs  based on research  about their safety, including how safe they are to take during pregnancy.?? Your doctor  may  choose to  prescribe a drug  that the FDA  has not categorized as being completely safe to take during pregnancy  if  the benefits of the medication for you outweigh the risk.     Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)  are one of the most commonly prescribed classes of antidepressant medications.  Popular  SSRIs include:   Prozac (fluoxetine)  Zoloft (sertraline)  Luvox (fluvoxamine)  Paxil (paroxetine)Celexa (citalopram)Lexapro  (escitalopram)   The Most Common Antidepressants SSRIs  are among the newer classes of antidepressants available. Consequently, there is more research about their safety. However,  SSRIs are not without risk.     The research on SSRIs  in pregnancy  has been largely mixed.?? Some studies have linked specific medications  to an increased risk of miscarriage  and birth defects,  but subsequent studies failed to confirm these findings.     For example,  a  2007 study  indicated that taking  Paxil in the first trimester of pregnancy  might be linked to a higher  risk of  congenital  heart  abnormalities.?? However, later studies showed that  heart defects  were  found just as often  in  babies whose mothers had not taken antidepressants.??     In addition to maternal and fetal health, researchers have also evaluated whether taking an antidepressant during pregnancy affects newborn health. Poor neonatal adaptation  (PNA)  or  neonatal adaptation syndrome  is a recognized and treatable condition  that occurs  in  approximately 10% to 30% of  newborns who were exposed to  SSRIs or SNRIs in utero.   When they  are no longer being exposed to low levels of the antidepressant,  newborns  may  develop  respiratory  and/or neurological  problems  like those  seen in babies  withdrawing from exposure to illicit drugs and alcohol.   However, unlike the consequences of conditions like fetal alcohol syndrome, babies with poor neonatal adaptation usually respond well to treatment and get better on their own within a week after birth.  Research has suggested that other factors, such as whether infants were breast or formula-fed after birth, may also  influence the risk for PNA.??   Researchers aren’t sure why some newborns develop the syndrome while others do not. It likely depends on many individual factors (such as drug metabolism) specific to both the infant and the mother.     Overview of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)  block the reuptake of both serotonin and another neurotransmitter called norepinephrine. Common SNRIs include:   Cymbalta (duloxetine)  Pristiq (desvenlafaxine)  Effexor and Effexor XR  (venlafaxine/venlafaxine XR)   While some research has claimed an association between SSRIs and SNRIs and preterm birth, other studies have not supported these claims.     The risk of rare conditions, such as  persistent pulmonary hypertension, may be increased in newborns who were exposed to antidepressants in the womb, but the research is  not conclusive.??  The  overall  risk of a baby developing  the  form of high blood pressure  is  incredibly small (less than 1%).??     How SNRIs, SSRIs, and SNDRIs Differ in Treating Depression Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) Tricyclic antidepressants  (TCAs)  are the oldest class of antidepressants. TCAs work by blocking neurotransmitters and other  receptors in the brain. Although TCAs have been  in use for a  long time, they  arent prescribed as often today. These medications tend to have more side effects than newer antidepressants. The most commonly prescribed TCAs include:   Elavil (amitriptyline)    Tofranil (imipramine)    Pamelor (nortriptyline)    Anafranil (clomipramine)     Elavil is one commonly prescribed TCA and may also be given to people who get migraines. As with the other TCAs, research on using Elavil during pregnancy is limited. The small number of studies has not definitively linked the medication to specific  outcomes for people who are  pregnant  or fetuses exposed to the drug in the womb.   Several  studies have  evaluated large numbers of  pregnant women taking  TCAs or other  antidepressants  and  proposed a link between taking the medications early in pregnancy and certain congenital malformations. However, the authors note that their research did not  account for  other factors that could  affect fetal  development,  like smoking cigarettes and using alcohol.     Overview of Tricyclic Antidepressants Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)  work by  breaking  down  neurotransmitters  like dopamine and serotonin. Like TCAs, antidepressants in the MAOI class tend to have a lot of side effects and  can interact with food, drinks, and other drugs. Popular MAOIs include:   Nardil  (phenelzine)  Emsam  (selegiline)  Marplan  (isocarboxazid)  Parnate  (tranylcypromine)   There has not been much research on MAOIs and pregnancy, partly because this class of antidepressants is not prescribed as often as newer antidepressants. A  2017 case report  published in the journal  Reproductive Toxicology  noted fetal malformations  in the two pregnancies of a  woman taking high doses of MAOIs.?? Both pregnancies resulted in fetal abnormalities, one of which was severe enough to result in stillbirth. The second infant was born with severe physical and neurological disabilities. The authors of the paper  speculated that the high dose of MAOIs contributed to outcomes of the pregnancies, but  it  was not clear if (or how) the medications caused the  specific malformations. Additional factors may have contributed, such as the other medications the woman had taken during her pregnancy and the parents ages (both were over 40). The family also declined to undergo  testing  to investigate a genetic cause for birth defects.     Research on the potential risk of  Nardil  (one of the more commonly prescribed MAOIs) on a developing fetus is limited.  The  FDA  label  states that health care providers  need to  weigh the potential risks of  Nardil  against the benefits when prescribing the  medication  for people who are pregnant.  This recommendation is consistent with the other MAOI antidepressants as well as medications in other classes.     Overview of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Atypical Antidepressants   There are a few other medications that  can be prescribed  â€œoff-label”  to treat depression.  Since they don’t neatly fit into one of the other categories, these  drugs are referred to as  atypical antidepressants/antipsychotics.     While they are in the same category, the  medications  work in different ways  and  are often  used to treat  mental health  conditions other than  depression, such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and attention-deficient hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).  Some of the medications  may also be  prescribed to treat  chronic pain and irritable bowel syndrome  (both of which can  co-occur with depression).   Medications prescribed as atypical antidepressants include:   Wellbutrin (bupropion)  Abilify (Aripiprazole)  Seroquel  (quetiapine)  Zyprexa (olanzapine)    Latuda (lurasidone)  Risperdal (risperidone)  Remeron  (mirtazapine)  Oleptro  (trazodone)     The drugs within this class may be classified into subcategories based on how they work. For example, Wellbutrin is also classified as a norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI).   Risperdal, Seroquel, Latuda, and Zyprexa are considered atypical antipsychotics. These drugs were developed to have fewer side effects than older antipsychotics and work by altering the levels of dopamine in the brain, which can help control symptoms such as hallucinations and paranoia in people with schizophrenia. Due to the effect on dopamine and other neurotransmitters, atypical antipsychotics may also be helpful for people with severe depression who have not responded to other medications. Researchers are also investigating other medications used to treat depression. For example, the CDC has led many studies on the effect of prescription and over-the-counter medications on pregnancy and fetal development as part of its  Treating for Two  initiative. Most classes of  antidepressants were evaluated  in the research, including popular atypical antidepressants, such as Wellbutrin.??  A  2010 study  indicated that taking Wellbutrin during  early  pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of fetal heart defects.?? However, researchers noted that the overall risk  for those defects  was small and concluded that more research was needed to establish Wellbutrin as a potential cause. Another popular atypical antidepressant, Abilify, has also been the subject of research. A  2018 review of the literature  concluded that if  someone is  taking Abilify before  they  become pregnant  (and the  drug has effectively managed their symptoms), health care providers should weigh the potential risks of continuing it against the risks of discontinuation.??     As with other drugs in this class, research about the potential risk of miscarriage, preterm birth, neonatal withdrawal symptoms, birth defects, and the potential for developmental delays  is  limited and, in some cases, nonexistent.     Natural Treatments for Depression   There  are also non-prescription or alternative treatments for depression,  such as St. John’s wort.  Research hasnt established a significant difference in the risk of specific effects on the developing fetus (such as congenital malformations) when taking St. Johns wort during pregnancy compared to antidepressants. However, anyone planning to use St. Johns wort needs to be aware of potential interactions. For example, taking St. Johns wort with medications, supplements, or foods containing 5-hydroxytryptophan  (5-HTP), L-tryptophan, or  SAMe, can increase your risk for developing serotonin syndrome. As with medications, ask your doctor about taking a nutritional supplement or herbal remedy if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. Resources for Research For information on specific medications or alternative treatments, the Mother-to-Baby  exposure database, maintained by the Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS), can be a helpful resource. The fact sheets created by the non-profit summarize  the available  research on the use of  prescription  medications and herbal supplements  during pregnancy.   The Risk of  Untreated  Depression   While you will want to consider the risks associated with taking an antidepressant if you are pregnant, its important to remember that untreated depression also carries risks. Discontinuing an antidepressant puts you at risk for a relapse of your  depression symptoms.?? The risk may be greater when you are pregnant and right after you give birth.     Do not discontinue your antidepressant without talking to your doctor or mental health care provider.  Unless they direct you to, do not abruptly stop taking your medication. Withdrawing from antidepressants can cause side effects and pregnancy may intensify these symptoms. The Importance of Treating Prenatal Depression Pregnancy was once  believed  to  provide some protection against depression due to shifting hormones, but research has not supported this theory.?? In fact, the opposite may be true: Some research has shown that depression in either parent can affect the  health of a child.??     Many studies have demonstrated that  maternal stress during pregnancy  can negatively affect fetal development and may influence the later behavior and emotional well-being of the child.??   The physical and emotional stressors of pregnancy can contribute to or worsen feelings of depression.  The symptoms of depression can affect how well a person can take care of their needs. This  includes  everything from practicing overall self-care to pregnancy-specific care  such as prenatal appointments.     People with depression  may  also be more likely to use  substances  to cope with their symptoms. The risks  associated with  drinking  alcohol  and using  illicit  drugs during  pregnancy are well-established. Substance use during pregnancy can  have  serious long-term consequences for parents and children.     Eating well, getting enough sleep, staying physically active,  and avoiding drugs and alcohol  benefit everyones well-being, but  these considerations are  especially  important for expectant  parents.  The demands of pregnancy are felt in the mind as well as the body, so a healthy pregnancy requires taking care of your physical and mental health.     A Word  From  Verywell   Taking antidepressants  during pregnancy  and letting depression go untreated both present potential risks  to mothers and infants.  If you are  trying to decide whether to stop taking your antidepressant during pregnancy, talk to your doctor or therapist. They can help you look at the most recent and relevant research, as well as consider your individual risk factors. This information will prepare you to make an informed decision. If you decide to stop taking your antidepressant  medication while you are pregnant, you need to have a solid support system in place and strategies to help you  cope with depression  symptoms. An Overview of Perinatal Depression

Abraham Lincoln and Slavery Essay - 1617 Words

Abraham Lincoln and Slavery Many Americans believe that Abraham Lincoln was the â€Å"Great Emancipator,† the sole individual who ended slavery, and the man who epitomizes freedom. In his brief presidential term, Lincoln dealt with an unstable nation, with the South seceding from the country and in brink of leaving permanently. The differing ideologies between the North and South about the economy and slavery quickly lead to civil war. It was now the duty of Lincoln to maintain the unity of the nation. Therefore, Lincoln is not the â€Å"Great Emancipator† because his primary goals throughout his presidency was always to maintain the unity of the nation and not achieve the emancipation of slaves. First of all, by looking at†¦show more content†¦150). Clearly, Lincoln was an undecided politician who was merely looking for votes. He never had any intention of ending slavery, but was rather looking for his own personal gains, and by appealing to both ideologies; he gained the necessary support to elect his president. From the beginning of his presidency, at Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address, it is clear to see he was not the â€Å"Great Emancipator,† but a man trying to maintain the unity of the nation. Lincoln believed that he had â€Å"no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists.† Lincoln continues and says, â€Å"I believe that I have not lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so† (Majewaki, pg. 70). Lincoln was a humble politician. He in no way wanted to endanger the unity of the nation. But it is important to see that his First Inaugural Address was given in March of 1861, already after the Southern states had succeded from the nation. What Lincoln was trying to accomplish was to return the Southern states to the union. Lincoln even goes as far as notifying the South that certain Legislatures have been passed to ensure their state rights, and the constitutionalism of slavery, â€Å"holding such a provision to now be implied constitutional law,† and that â€Å"(he) has no objection to its being made express and irrevocable.† (Majewski, pg. 75). Also, in a letter to HoraceShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln Views on Slavery1608 Words   |  7 PagesAbraham Lincoln; Indecisively Decisive Michelle Futo AMH 2010-02 November 19, 2012 Former President Abraham Lincoln is accredited for creating the Emancipation Proclamation and ending slavery in the United States. Due to his actions before and during the Civil War, it seems as though Lincoln always viewed slavery as a terrible thing that must be stopped immediately. But that was not how he always felt. 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The Difference between Sukuk and Shares - 2118 Words

Sukuk Sukuk which is a plural of â€Å"sak† or â€Å"sanadat†, which means certificate of investment. Aaoifi, an islamic body for accounting, auditing and financial regulation define sukuk as: â€Å"certificate of equal value representing undivided shares in the ownership of tangible assets, usufruct and services or (in the ownership of) the asset of a particular projects or special investment activity†. One can easily differentiate between sukuk and shares. As shares represent a general ownership for an unlimited period of time while sukuk represent ownership in specific asset or project of a company for a limited period of time. Sukuk can be issued on any asset or for the project, so the return on the sukuk will be determined by the cash flow originating from that asset or project which is not prefixed as in the case of bonds. So for this reason unlike bonds sukuk are permissible in islam and shariah complaint. 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Problem of Historical Distortion †Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab Free Essays

THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL DISTORTION: A Survey of Literature on Imam Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab as viewed through the Western slant of history By Kazi Zulkader Siddiqui The Problem of Historical Distortion Of the past fourteen centuries of the Islamic civilization, its thought, its institutions and the personalities who have contributed to its development and glory, stagnation and disintegration, the historical perspective painted by the Judaeo-Christian West has been markedly distinctive from the picture presented by the Muslim scholars, varying from outright hostile and distorted versions to the recent sympathetic (and sometimes empathetic) accounts. History is one of those branches of knowledge that can be used most effectively for the glorification and upliftment of one’s own people at the expense of the traditions of others, leading eventually to a subversive imposition of one’s own norms, values and way of life as the standard for others. Most, if not all of the people emanating from the Judaeo-Christian tradition who have penned their understanding of the Islamic civilization, have been prey to such underlying motives. We will write a custom essay sample on Problem of Historical Distortion – Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is not unique though since the subjective bias and assumptions of the historian in question are an integral part of the writing of history. What becomes remarkable in this case is the effective use of the historical perspective of other people for the exploitation of the same. This becomes manifest then, for example, in the notorious ‘Divide and Rule’ policy of the post-renaissance British Empire. The Old Testament Hebraic heritage has a lot to offer in comprehending this attitude and mentality of the Western writer. The Old Testament (in the Bible) was written primarily to identify the ancestry and heritage of the Jews and thereby declare their superiority over all other nations. The other nations mentioned in the Old Testament are merely for the sake of justification of the crimes of the Children of Israel. Likewise, the modern Western writer is not concerned about the absolute and relative truths. He is more concerned about justifying or explaining away the phenomena of other civilizations. Through this he either hopes to dominate over the other civilizations, or to convert them to his own ways. We are well aware that our foregoing remarks are heavily loaded with our own assumptions; but there are certain assumptions, which are derived through the cognitive and perceptive processes using the facts of history as the starting point. Thus, in this case, the assumptions are elevated to the level of derived facts and axioms. To prove our point, we have chosen for this paper a survey of the literature in English produced by the West during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries on the famous and controversial imam Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1789). As a prominent figure in Islamic history, loved by many and hated by many others of the Muslims, he has managed to attract the attention of the Western colonialists, missionaries, and historians who were neither, right from his own lifetime to the present. Far greater than the Imam himself is the impact of his followers – the Muwa idun or the so-called Wahhabis – on the Western literature about Islam. The schismatic element in the nature of the controversy between the followers of the Imam and other Muslims has held great interest for the very reasons we have outlined above. The analysis will become far more categorical as we proceed with the survey itself. Besides, this analysis can be made much more precise, accurate and to the point if one were to attempt a similar exercise on the survey of the Western literature about the followers of the Imam. In this paper we shall limit ourselves to the Imam only. To begin with, it would be appropriate to narrate the salient features of the Imam’s life briefly. Page 2 The Problem of Historical Distortion Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab: A Brief Biography: Coming from a learned family, 1 Mu? mmad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab was born in 1115/1703 at `Uyaynah, a small town roughly 30 Km northwest of Riyadh in Saudi Arabia. His ancestors had been steeped in the ? anbali tradition, and so was young Mu? ammad’s education. As a young man, he left `Uyaynah for further studies. His search for learning took him to Makkah, Madinah and Damascus. He acquired great admiration for Ibn Taymiyah (d. 728/1328) through the shaykh `Abd Allah ibn Ibrahim al-Najdi at Madinah. Madinah also offered him a chance to teach for quite some time. Subsequently, he continued this occupation at the Umayyad mosque of Damascus. His journeys took him east to Basrah as well, where, besides acquiring further knowledge of the traditional sciences, he got the chance of getting acquainted with Shi`i and Sufi circles, their ways and ideas. This period ascertained for him the formulation of a mission in his mind. According to the Lam` al-Shihab, 2 he stayed in Basrah for four years and then moved to Baghdad. There he married a wealthy lady and remained for five years. He next went to Hamadan and then to Isfahan in 1148/1736 to study philosophy and Sufism. His quest for knowledge led him to Cairo and Damascus as well. Upon the settlement of his father in Huraymilah near Riyadh in Saudi Arabia, Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab joined him, and it was here that the Imam composed his first work on taw? id, and also gathered disciples. After the death of his father in 1153/1740, he left Huraymilah for `Uyaynah where he spent four years. During his stay there, the governor `Uthman ibn Bishr of the Banu Mu`ammar became his follower. This became a cause for consternation among the powerful Banu Khalid. His preaching against shirk (associating partners with Allah) that was practiced by the masses, and against their moral laxity shook the roots of the society. As a result, the Imam was forced to leave `Uyaynah and seek refuge in Dir`iyah (which is around 10-15 Km from `Uyaynah in the direction of Riyadh), where he found followers among the amir Mu? ammad ibn Sa`ud’s brothers and son. Eventually the Amir also supported him. The Amir and the Imam took a bay`ah (an oath of mutual loyalty), â€Å"to strive, by force if necessary, to make the kingdom of God’s word prevail†. 3 This was the beginning of the religio-political reality that was to engulf the whole of Najd and its neighbouring territories during the decades to come, first under the amir Mu? mmad ibn Sa`ud (d. 1178/1765), then under his son `Abd al-`Aziz (d. 1218/1803) and his grandson Sa`ud (d. 1229/1814). We leave the story of the Al Sa`ud for other historians to narrate, and return to the man who called for the return to taw? id (God’s unity) and a true practice of Islam. Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab continued his role as teacher in the mosque of Dir`iya h, as political counselor of the Amir, and as a preacher writing theological works and extending his da`wah to the neighbouring areas until his death in 1204/1789. 4 Bearing this brief picture of the Imam in mind, we ow turn to his Western biographers and their accounts. â€Å"His grandfather Sulayman b. Mu? ammad had been mufti of the Nadjd. His father `Abd al-Wahhab was kadi at `Uyayna during the emirate of `Abd Allah b. Mu? ammad b. Mu`ammar; he taught ? adith and fikh in the mosques of the town and left several works of ? anbali inspiration, which in part survive†. Laoust, EI2, III:677, col. 2. 2 Abu Hakima, Ahmad A. , ed. , Lam` al-Shihab fi ta’rikh Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab, Beirut, 1967 3 Laoust, EI2, III:678, col. 2. Most of the facts have been taken from this same source. Most historians give the year of death as 1206/1792. See Mu`inuddin A? mad Khan, â€Å"A Diplomat’s Report on Wahhabism of Arabia†, Islamic Studies 7 (1968), p. 38, for the a rgument in favour of 1204/1789 as the correct date. Page 3 1 The Problem of Historical Distortion WESTERN ACCOUNTS ABOUT THE IM M: M. Carsten Niebuhr (1733-1815): The first European to mention the Imam in his writings was M. Carsten Niebuhr who visited the peninsula in 1761-1764, that is within four years of the bay`ah taken between the Imam and ibn Sa`ud. He published his reports in German in 1772 and 1778. An abridged English version of his writings appeared first in 1792 entitled Travels Through Arabia and Other Countries in the East. 5 Niebuhr and his companions had embarked upon an ecclesiastical mission to gather some information about this ancient land of Arabia, which had been the cradle of Christianity just as it had been for Judaism and Islam. Many people have noted the false and misleading remarks of Niebuhr with regards to the Imam. In the drama depicted by Niebuhr, there are two important characters in the founding of â€Å"the New Religion of a Part of Nedsjed†, 6 namely one â€Å"Abd ul Wahheb† and his son â€Å"Mahomet†. His description of ibn `Abd al-Wahhab’s youth seems to tally with the facts of the Imam’s life. Now this â€Å"Abd ul Wahheb†, having founded his religion, converts several Schiechs (i. e. shaykhs) to his faith, and virtually becomes their ruler. He reduces a great part of â€Å"El Ared†, thus seemingly als o performing the role of ibn Sa`ud. After the father’s death, the son â€Å"Mahomet† takes over the small empire built by his father, sustaining â€Å"the supreme ecclesiastical character in El Ared†. Among his beliefs cited are that â€Å"he considered Mahomet, Jesus Christ, Moses, and many others, respected by the Sunnites in the character of prophets, as merely great men, whose history might be read with improvement; denying that any book had ever been written by divine inspiration, or brought down from the heaven by the angel Gabriel. † 9 Against the beliefs of â€Å"Abd ul Wahheb†, he contrasts the Sunnites as a â€Å"superstitious sect† whose opinions are false, depending on â€Å"their own whimsies† to explain the â€Å"Alcoran†, acknowledging saints â€Å"to whom many absurd miracles are ascribed†, etc. 0 Finally, he concludes that ‘The new religion of Abd ul Wahheb deserves therefore to be regarded as a re formation of Mahometism, reducing it back to its original simplicity†. 11 The inaccuracies of Niebuhr’s reporting continued in the Western understanding for many decades as we shall see. Sir Harford Jones Brydges: Far more accurate in his reporting was the civil servant of the colonialist British, Sir Harford Jones Brydges, who sent his first report on the Wahhabis from Baghdad to the British Foreign Office in C. M. Niebuhr, Travels Through Arabia and Other Countries in the East, trans. nto English by Robert Heron, vol. 2, Edinburgh, R. Morrison Son, 1792. Cf. also Mu`inuddin A? mad Khan, op. cit. , p. 33 and a review of Niebuhr’s life in Islamic Culture 7 (1933), pp. 502-505 by V. B. Mehta. 6 Niebuhr, II:130. Note that Nedsjed is Najd. 7 Ibid. , II:131-3. 8 Ibid. , II:133. 9 Ibid. , II:134. 10 Ibid. , II:135. 11 Ibid. , II:135. Page 4 5 The Problem of Historical Distortion 1799, that is within a decade of the death of the Imam. 12 The weakest part of his report is the following anecdote: â€Å"Shaik Ibn Mahamer 13 proud of possessing this new Sectuary gave Moolah Mohammed 14 his own Sister in Marriage and Moolah Mohammed sometime after, under pretense, that his Brother in Law Mahamer perverted Justice and oppressed the Tribe, murdered him with his own hands in the Mosque as he was at prayers meaning thereby, as he declared, to give to the People of Ayenah 15 a proof that his love for Justice was so great, that neither the obligations which he had to, nor alliance he had with Shaik Mahamer could withhold him from punishing even in him that he conceived to be a deviation from it. The People of Ayenah however appear to have had too much good Sense, to esteem as meritorious, so horrible a Transaction, and they obliged Moolah Mohammed, to abandon Ayenah, and he fled to Dereah 16 where he found an Asylum and Protector in Shaik Ibn Soud, the Governor of that place, who also embraced his Doctrines†. 17 Historically we know that `Uthman ibn Mu`ammar died a natural death after the Imam had left for Dir`iyah, and that his expulsion from `Uyaynah was due to the pressures from v arious parts of that area against his teachings. Other than this error, Brydges’ report to his masters in London faithfully depicted the doctrines taught by the Imam. He says, â€Å"The Religion they possess is Mohammedan according to the literal meaning of the Koran, following the Interpretations of Hambelly†. 18 Thirty-five years later, in 1834, Sir Harford Jones Brydges produced a far greater authoritative account of the Muwa idun in his A Brief History of the Wahauby. 19 We shall return to this document after looking at other developments during these thirty-five years. e Sacy: In 1805, we find the Frenchman de Sacy writing in his paper Observations sur les Wahhabites that the Muwa idun are â€Å"enemies of Islam†. He considered them to be an offshoot of the Qarmatians. 20 Rousseau: Four years later in 1809, another Frenchman by the name of Rousseau produced two short treatises 21 in which â€Å"it was positively asserted, that the Wahabys have a new religion, and that Mu`inuddin A? mad Khan, op. cit. , pp . 33-46. i. e. `Uthman ibn Mu`ammar, the governor of `Uyaynah. 14 i. e. Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab 15 i. e. `Uyaynah. 16 i. e. Dir`iyah, the first Saudi capital in the eighteenth century. It is now a ruin, lying on the outskirts of present day Riyadh 17 Mu`inuddin A? mad Khan, op. cit. , p. 41. 18 Ibid. , p. 42. By â€Å"Hambelly† he means the ? anbali School of Fiqh. 19 Harford Jones Brydges, An Account of the Transactions of His Majesty’s Mission to the Court of Persia in the years 1807-11, to which is appended A Brief History of the Wahauby: London, James Bohn, 1834. 20 M. A. Bari, â€Å"The early Wahhabis, some contemporary assessments†. Proceedings of the 27th International Congress of Orientalists: Ann Arbor, Mich. , 1967. It may be recalled here that the Qarmatians were a 9th – 12th century Isma`ili sect that sprang up in southern `Iraq and al-Hasa’. 21 J. B. L. J. Rousseau, Descriptions du pashalic de Baghdad suivie d’une notice historique sur les Wahabis, et de quelques autres pieces relatives l’histoire et la litterature de l’Orient, Paris, Trouttel et Wurtz, 1809, pp. 125-182. Idem. , â€Å"Notice sur la secte des Wahabis†, Fundgruben des Orients, Vol. I, Wien, 1809, pp. 191-198. 13 12 Page 5 The Problem of Historical Distortion although they acknowledge the Koran, yet they have entirely abolished the pilgrimage to Mekka†. 2 He claimed to derive part of his information from â€Å"le Chapelain de Saoud†. 23 Burckhardt, Brydges, 24 and other later Western writers reprimanded Rousseau for his obvious misinformation, the indignation arising over his claim to an authentic source of information. Corancez: The following year, i. e. in 1810, Corancez published his work in French. 25 Nashshabah says that after Burckhardt, â€Å"the next best Western account of the early history of the Wahhabis is Corancez’s Histoire des Wahhabis, depuis leur origine jusqu’a la fin de 1809. Corancez, who was the French consul in Aleppo from 1800 to 1808, carefully checked the information he had been able to gather, and his informants were often first-hand observers; but his account of the life of the founder of the Wahhabi movement is inadequate. He ascribes Wahhabi expansion solely to the weakness and misrule of the Ottomans (whose authority in most of Arabia was at times merely nominal) and ignores the fervour stirred up by (ibn) `Abd al-Wahhab which, combined with the leadership of Mu? ammad ibn Sa`ud, must surely have been the main reason for their astonishing victories†. 6 Vincenzo Maurizi: During the following years, we find the writings of another Niebuhrian, 27 an Italian by the name of Vincenzo Maurizi alias Shaik Mansur. He amused his European audience with his History of Seyd Said, Sultan of Muscat in 1819, which also devoted a considerable section to the Muwa idun. Maurizi, in his zeal to discredit the movement, overstepped even the limits of Niebuhr a nd painted a completely erroneous picture. To give a full flavour of his deliberate misreporting, we quote part of his narrative below. â€Å"About the middle of the last century (i. e. ighteenth century), a man named Abdulwahab, or Abdulvaab, a native of Hellah, or Ellaa, 28 on the banks of the Euphrates, pretended to have a vision, in which a flame appeared to issue from his body and burn to ashes all the neighbouring country; he confided the extraordinary circumstances which had befallen him to a Mullah, or Mulla, and the interpreter of the will of heaven declared that this sign portended the birth of a son, who should become the founder of a new religion, and perform extraordinary actions. Soon afterwards the wife of Abdulvaab really became pregnant, and bore him a son, who was named Maam? . 29 [footnote in the text reads: This happened about the year 1757. ]. â€Å"The tribe of Neshdee, or Nescede, 30 to which the family belonged, soon imbibed the doctrines which appeared to be sanctioned by divine authority, and Abdulvaab, as general of J. L. Burckhardt, Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys, vol. 2: London, Henry Colburn Richard Bentley, 1831, p. II:103. 23 Ibid. , p. 103. 24 cf. ibid. , and Brydges, The Wahauby, p. 109,112. 25 L. A. O. de Corancez, Histoire des Wahhabis, depuis leur origine jusqu’ la fin de 1809, Paris, Grapelet, 1810. 26 Hisham A. Nashshabah, Islam and Nationalism in the Arab World: A Selected and Annotated Bibliography: Montreal, Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University, 1955. Unpublished M. A. thesis. p. 11. 27 About Niebuhr, Maurizi remarks â€Å"where the accurate and indefatigable Niebuhr could afford me any assistance, I have not hesitated to avail myself of it, and on the other hand I have occasionally remarked any alterations which have taken place since his days†. 17th page of his â€Å"Preface† to the History of Seyd Said, Sultan of Muscat, 1819. 28 He probably means al-? illah in `Iraq. 29 i. e. Muhammad 30 i. e. Najdi. Page 6 22 The Problem of Historical Distortion an army and prophet of a rising sect, had an opportunity of spreading his political power, and the opinions of the new faith, which he considered himself commissioned to promulgate; while his son accompanied him, and was shown to all as the precious pledge of Almighty approbation towards the Vaabi religion. After Abdulvaabs death Maam? t succeeded in his command, but being blind, was obliged to employ, as his deputy, in all affairs of state except those relating to religion, a person named Abdullazis, 31 an adopted brother of his father’s. This minister followed up the victories of the deceased prophet with the greatest facility. As the first barriers of opposition had been already overthrown, it would be very difficult, and perhaps useless to name all the Seek 32 who resisted in arms the aggrandisement of the Vaabi, or the particular periods of their several conquests; but at the death of the chief last mentioned, 33 almos t all the interior of the Arabian peninsula acknowledged their political and religious sway. Abdullazis succeeded to the supreme authority, and greatly extended the limits of their power, having sacked Mecca and Medina and destroyed the tomb of Mahomet, whom he declared to be a deceiver, and not a messenger of heaven; he also penetrated to the gates of Aleppo and Baghdad, massacred a caravan of Persian pilgrims on their route to visit the burial place of Alle, or Eli, 34 at Ellaa, 35 and plundered that depository of the accumulated wealth of ages†. 36 The historical errors are far too many to comment on in detail; but we shall make observations on some salient distortions. The dichotomy between `Abd al-Wahhab and Mu? ammad ibn `Abd alWahhab is carried on from Niebuhr, but Maurizi goes a step further in proclaiming `Abd al-Wahhab to be a prophet, and giving Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab almost the position of a demi-god. Besides, he transfers the hometown of the family to al-? illah in `Iraq and moves the year of birth of Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab to 1757, the year when he contracted the bay`ah with ibn Sa`ud. The fallacy of a tribe called Najdi, of the existence of `Ali’s tomb at al-? illah, of `Abd al-`Aziz being the adopted brother of the Imam’s father, etc. eed hardly be commented upon. But the interesting development that must be noted is the so-called declaration by `Abd al-`Aziz of the Prophet Mu? ammad (p) being an impostor. Maurizi elaborates on this and other supposed beliefs of the â€Å"Vaabi† by quoting an answer which he claims to have been given to him by an envoy of Sa`ud ibn `Abd al-`Aziz. It reads: â€Å"We do n ot differ from other Musaleems, or Muselims (Musselmen) 37 except in thinking that Mahomet arrogated to himself too much authority; and, that the Koran was sent to the earth by the hands of angels, nd not of that man, who has even dared to falsify many of its doctrines; we also consider that the prophets, and especially Maamet iben Abdulvaab were beings like ourselves; and, therefore, not worthy of being addressed in prayer, although deserving of admiration and imitation for their piety and moral conduct†¦ † 38 Obviously, Maurizi could not have known more than a few words or phrases in Arabic, or else he would have rendered the envoy’s answer truthfully. Instead, he has imposed hearsay and his own 31 32 Presumably `Abd al-`Aziz ibn Mu? ammad ibn Sa`ud. . e. shaykhs. 33 i. e. Maamet, the son of Abdulva b. 34 i. e. `Ali ibn Abi Talib. 35 i. e. al-? illah in `Iraq. 36 Maurizi, , op. cit. , pp. 36-38. 37 i. e. Muslims. 38 Maurizi, op. cit. , p. 40. Page 7 The Problem o f Historical Distortion assumptions into the mouth of the envoy. His lack of knowledge of Arabic is reflected also in the fact that he misconstrues `Abd Allah ibn Sa`ud, the Sa`udi amir after Sa`ud ibn `Abd al-`Aziz as â€Å"Abdullahazis† (`Abd al-`Aziz). Similarly, in the last passage cited, the envoy must have said â€Å"the prophets, and especially Mu? mmad ibn `Abd Allah were beings like ourselves †¦ † which Maurizi took to mean Maamet iben Abdulvaab. Maurizi’s account even disgraces fiction. J. L. Burckhardt: John Lewis Burckhardt was the first to bring a balanced view of the movement to the European audience. The epistle of Brydges in 1799 was not a public document. Thus Burckhardt’s Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys published in 1831 was a turning point in the Western understanding of the Imam and his followers. This work goes into fair amount of detail about the movement. Burckhardt dispelled many of the misunderstandings that had been current in the West as a result of the earlier writings. The very first thing he set out to correct was that: â€Å"The doctrines of Abd el Wahab were not those of a new religion; his efforts were directed only to reform abuses in the followers of Islam, and to disseminate the pure faith among Bedouins; who although Muselmans, were equally ignorant of religion, as indifferent about all the duties which it prescribed†. 39 Comparing the Muwa idun to the Ottoman Turks, he says: â€Å"Not a single new precept was to be found in the Wahaby ode. Abd el Wahab took as his sole guide the Koran and the Sunne (or the laws formed upon the traditions of Mohammed); and the only difference between this sect and the orthodox Turks, however improperly so termed, is, that the Wahabys rigidly follow the same laws which the others neglect, or have ceased altogether to observe. To describe, therefore, the Wahaby religion, would be t o recapitulate the Muselman faith; and to show in what points this sect differs from the Turks, would be to give a list of all the abuses of which the latter are guilty†. 0 One can quote Burckhardt at length to show his positive attitude which led him to a fairly objective analysis of the creed and practice of the Muwa idun, and the reasons why Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab â€Å"was misunderstood both by his friends and his enemies†. 41 The former took offense at his seeming attacks on the Prophet (p) and the latter saw a political threat in his preaching; thus leading to an intentional distortion of the facts. Despite this objectivity in Burckhardt, one cannot but comment on the Western slant of his perception. The usage of words often has a psychological effect on the reader. For instance, Burckhardt, writing about the Imam says that â€Å"being convinced by what he observed during his (b. `Abd al-Wahhab’s) travels, that the primitive (emphasis ours) faith of Islam, or Mohammedanism, had become totally corrupted and obscured by abuses,†¦ â€Å". 42 The value judgment involved in his use of the word â€Å"primitive† is apparent. The Western notion that the progression of thought and ideas essentially leads to the advancement of civilization is a result of their philosophical heritage. The Islamic notion, that the absolute is derived solely through the process of divine revelation in history and not through cognitive, intuitive or perceptive processes which are bound by the limitations of the human mind, stands markedly in contradistinction to the Western assumptions. Thus, while the 39 40 Burckhardt, op. cit. , II:99. Ibid. , II:112 41 Ibid. , II:99. 42 Ibid. , II:96. Page 8 The Problem of Historical Distortion Muslim (including Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab) would view the life of the Prophet as a supreme achievement in the history of man, the Western thinker would regard it as a ‘primitive’ stage in the life of man. However, it is remarkable that if one is to compare Burckhardt with the later Orientalists, he was far ahead of his own time in this respect. His value judgements are very limited. Hitti, a century later, echoes the same words that â€Å"he (b. `Abd al-Wahhab) himself determined to purge it (Islam) and restore it to its primitive strictness†. 43 Hitti goes further though in regarding the bay`ah of 1757 as â€Å"another case of marriage between religion and the sword†. 4 The subtle intrusion of value judgements are scattered profusely throughout the writings even of the socalled ‘sympathetic’ Western Orientalists like Nicholson, 45 Wilfrid Cantwell Smith (d. 2000), 46 von Grunebaum (1909-1972), 47 and H. A. R. Gibb (d. 1971) 48 not to speak of the others. Andrew Crichton: The next stage in the history of the West ern biographies of the Imam was set by Andrew Crichton with his publication of History of Arabia: Ancient and Modern in 1833. This is the first time that we see a Western writer composing a secondary work on the Muwa dun based solely on other Western writings. Having noted Burckhardt’s caution against the misconceptions floating around, Crichton relied primarily on Burckhardt, Corancez and Mengin in particular. 49 Since he has nothing original to offer, we turn to his usage of some of the material at hand. For example, after outlining the beliefs and practices of the Muwa idun, he states â€Å"They did not, however, so far outstrip themselves of all superstition as to abolish the ceremonies of ablution and the Meccan pilgrimage, or even those of kissing the black stone and throwing stones at the devil†. 0 To start with, this reveals the author’s ignorance about Islam, it’s beliefs, practices and rituals. Secondly, it is surprising that the author cannot e ven conceive of non-Christian rituals that reflect and lead to cleanliness, unity of man, and submission and commitment to God. By calling these rituals â€Å"superstition†, the author has obviously passed a normative judgment that is reflective of the Judaeo-Christian tradition. Sir Harford Jones Brydges re-visited: Chronologically, this brings us once again to Sir Harford Jones Brydges. This worthy civil servant of the colonialist British Empire had little that was new to add to the known facts of the Imam’s life as described by Burckhardt. He published his Brief History of the Wahauby, in 1834 after perusal of Burckhardt’s work. The only point on which the two disagreed was whether Mu? ammad ibn alWahhab was the father-in-law or the son-in-law of Mu? ammad ibn Sa`ud. Regardless of this dispute, what Brydges has to offer as an interpretation of this relationship between the two is as follows: P. K. Hitti, History of the Arabs: Edinburgh, 1939, 1972, p. 40. Ibid. 45 R. A. Nicholson, Literary History of the Arabs, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1907, 1969, p. 466. 46 W. C. Smith, Islam in Modern History: N. Y. , Mentor, 1957, pp. 48-51. 47 G. von Grunebaum, â€Å"Attempts at Self-Interpretation in Contemporary Islam†, Islam: Essays in the nature and growth of a cultural tradition, London, 1955, pp. 185-236. 48 H. A. R. Gibb, Modern Trends in Is lam, Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Press, 1947, 1972, pp. 26-32. 49 Andrew Crichton, History of Arabia: Ancient and Modern, vol. 2: Edinburgh, Oliver Boyd, 1833, p. II:190. See footnote. 50 Ibid. , II:290. 44 43 Page 9 The Problem of Historical Distortion â€Å"†¦ and that in consequence of this connexion, though Abdulwahaub remained the book, Mahommed Ibn Saoud became the sword of the sect†. 51 This is the prelude to what we have been hearing from Orientalists like Hitti and others mentioned earlier. The only difference is that while Brydges was a part of the colonialist establishment and had a political axe to grind, the Orientalists are a part of the neo-colonialist imperialism that breeds Orientalist research. In other respects, i. . those that cover other aspects of the history of the Muwa idun, their administration, etc. , Brydges’ book complements the work of Burckhardt. W. G. Palgrave: Moving beyond the middle of the nineteenth century, we come to William Gifford Palgrave, a servant of the British crown in India, steeped in the Christian tradition. By his time, the facts of the movement were well known; it was now the time for the growth of interpretation of these facts. Palgrave published two works, namely Eastern and Central Arabia (1866) and Essays on Eastern Questions (1872). Wahhabism had by this time become a great threat to the British Empire in India and elsewhere, and the crown was out to discredit the movement not only in the British public eye, but also among the Muslims residing in the British colonies. The latter purpose was not difficult to achieve due to the existing propaganda against the Muwa idun by the Ottoman Turks. Thus, in true service of British colonialism and displaying his loyalty to the missionary cause, Palgrave tried to paint the movement as a reaction to the pressure of the Christian West. He says â€Å"The great reactionary movement, the ‘Revival’, originated where scarce a spark of life had been left, by the too-famous ‘Abd-el-Wahhab, in the land of Nejd, has gradually but surely extended itself over the entire surface and through all the length and depth of Islam; while the ever increasing pressures of the Christian, or, at least, non-Mahometan, West, has intensified the ‘fanatical’ tendency, even where it has modified its special direction. For ‘Islam’ is a political not less than a religious whole;†¦ † 52 This was a rejoinder to the alarm sounded by W. W. Hunter (who was in Her Majesty’s Bengal Civil Service) in his book The Indian Musalmans. 53 By this time, the British had already successfully faced Sayyid A? mad Shahid (d. 1831), Titu Mir and the War of 1857. With these major setbacks, a wave of strong ‘Wahhabi’ feelings had swept the Muslims of Bengal and Northern India, hoping to regain their lost position. Therefore, it was essential for the British cause to subvert this obvious threat. Apart from the political motivations for his analysis, his Christian missionary zeal and hatred for Islam drove Palgrave to write as follows: â€Å"The Wahhabee reformer formed the design of putting back the hour-hand of Islam to its starting-point; and so far he did well, for that hand was from the first meant to be fixed. Islam is in its essence stationary, and was framed thus to remain. Sterile like its God, lifeless like its first Principle and supreme Original in all that constitutes true life – for life is love, participation, and progress, and of these the Coranic Deity has none – it justly repudiates all change, all advance, all developement. To borrow the forcible words of Lord Houghton, the 51 52 Brydges, The Wahauby, p. 107. W. G. Palgrave, Essays on Eastern Questions: London, MacMillan Co. , 1872, p. 115. 53 W. W. Hunter, The Indian Musalmans, 1871. Page 10 The Problem of Historical Distortion written book† is there the â€Å"dead man’s hand†, stiff and motionless; whatever savours of vitality is by that alone convicted of heresy and defection. â€Å"But Christianity with its living and loving God, Begetter and Begotten, Spirit and Movement, nay more, a Creator made creature, the Maker and the made existing in One, a Divinity communicating itself by uninterrupted gradation and degree from the most intimate union far off t o the faintest irradiation, though all that It has made for love and governs in love;†¦ † 54 Mu? mmad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab is the example for him par excellence of the true image of Islam, stagnant against a dynamic Christianity, backward looking against the advancing Christianity, lifeless against the living Christianity, and with a Sterile God against a living and loving Christian God who begets his only begotten Son becoming the Creator and creature, the Maker and the made all in One. Palgrave combined the missionary and the colonialist mentality in a perfect blend that was to reflect in the Orientalist attitude during the century to follow. He becomes the precursor to the likes of Samuel Zwemer, 55 E. Calverley, C. M. Doughty (1843-1926), 56 T. E. Lawrence (1888-1935), 57 and others. We end our analysis with Palgrave. Doubtless, the approach of the Orientalist has improved vastly during this century, as we see in the writings of George Rentz, for example. 58 However, the Orientalists of the latter portion of the nineteenth century, and until recently, those of the twentieth century have faithfully followed the tradition of the likes of Palgrave. CONCLUSION: For the sake of betterment and advancement of the civilization of man, we go back to our opening remarks and question the Western Judaeo-Christian approach towards the civilizations of the East. Rejecting the self-centeredness and particularity practiced by the Judaeo-Christian West, and in order to approximate the Islamic universality, we must shed our feathers and appreciate the traditions and civilizations of others within their own framework and assumptions. The plurality of this small world, shrunk by the advance of technology, necessitates a renunciation of selfishness and oppression of the weak, at least in intellectual exercises. In the present context, that is of our approach towards history, we are now bound to accept the facts as such and interpret them for the betterment of mankind. It is obvious that personal biases cannot be eliminated in their totality. The basic assumptions must remain. Regardless, this should not lead us to a distortion of facts. Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab served an important purpose to a significant population of mankind, and has also caused grievance to many. In light of this we cannot justify either veneration or denunciation of this man, who devoted his life for a simple cause. W. G. Palgrave, Narrative of a Year’s Journey Through Eastern and Central Arabia (1862-63), 2 Vols. : London, MacMillan Co. , 1866, p. I:372. 5 Samuel M. Zwemer, Arabia the Cradle of Islam and The Mohammedan World of Today: N. Y. , Fleming H. Revell Co. , 1906. 56 Charles Montagu Doughty, Travels in Arabia Deserta: London, N. Y. , 1906. 57 T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom: London, Jonathan Cape, 1926, 1935, 1940 Idem. , Revolt in the Desert: N. Y. , George H. Doran Co. , 1927 58 George Rentz, Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab and the Unitarian Movemen t in Arabia, Ph. D. Thesis, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Cf. also Idem. , â€Å"Wahhabism and Saudi Arabia† in The Arabian Peninsula: Society and Politics, ed. y Derek Hopwood: London, George Allen Unwin, 1972, pp. 54-66. And Idem. , â€Å"The Wahhabis† in Religion in the Middle East ed. by A. J. Arberry: Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1969, pp. 270- 284. Page 11 54 The Problem of Historical Distortion Instead, his contribution to the development of civilization must be appreciated in its true perspective. The most important conclusion is the recognition of the distortion of facts, deliberate or otherwise, by the Western colonialists, their functionaries, their missionaries, and the Orientalists who were none of these. Their aims were multifarious. While the colonialists and their functionaries strove to maintain their political supremacy and to keep the Muslim population subdued within the colonies, the missionaries tried their utmost to distort Islam to the extent possible hoping to gain converts. It was often that the aims of the colonialists and the missionaries though seemingly different were in fact the same. Hence, they worked hand in glove throughout and distorted the facts of history to make their own ends meet. Page 12 The Problem of Historical Distortion BIBLIOGRAPHY Abu Hakima, Ahmad A. , ed. , Lam` al-Shihab fi ta’rikh Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab, Beirut, 1967 M. A. Bari, Harford Jones Brydges, â€Å"The early Wahhabis, some contemporary assessments†. Proceedings of the 27th International Congress of Orientalists: Ann Arbor, Mich. , 1967. An Account of the Transactions of His Majesty’s Mission to the Court of Persia in the years 1807-11, to which is appended A Brief History of the Wahauby: London, James Bohn, 1834. Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys, vol. 2: London, Henry Colburn Richard Bentley, 1831, p. II:103. Histoire des Wahhabis, depuis leur origine jusqu’a la fin de 1809, Paris, Grapelet, 1810. History of Arabia: Ancient and Modern, vol. 2: Edinburgh, Oliver Boyd, 1833 Travels in Arabia Deserta: London, N. Y. , 1906. An abridged version of this work was also published under the title Wanderings In Arabia, London, Duckworth, 1908, 1926 Modern Trends in Islam, Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Press, 1947, 1972 â€Å"Attempts at Self-Interpretation in Contemporary Islam†, Islam: Essays in the nature and growth of a cultural tradition, London, 1955, pp. 85-236 History of the Arabs: Edinburgh, 1939, 1972 The Indian Musalmans, 1871 â€Å"A Diplomat’s Report on Wahhabism of Arabia†, Islamic Studies 7 (1968), Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition, III:677, col. 2. Seven Pillars of Wisdom: London, Jonathan Cape, 1926, 1935, 1940 Revolt in the Desert: N. Y. , George H. Doran Co. , 1927 History of Seyd Said, Sultan of Muscat, 1819 A review of Niebuhr’s life in Islamic Culture 7 (1933), pp. 502-505 Islam and Nationalism in the Arab World: A Selected and Annotated Bibliography: Montreal, Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University, 1955. Unpublished M. A. thesis. Literary History of the Arabs, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1907, 1969 Travels Through Arabia and Other Countries in the East, trans. into English by Robert Heron, vol. 2, Edinburgh, R. Morrison Son, 1792. Essays on Eastern Questions: London, MacMillan Co. , 1872 Narrative of a Year’s Journey Through Eastern and Central Arabia (1862-63), 2 Vols. : London, MacMillan Co. , 1866 Mu? ammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab and the Unitarian Movement in Arabia, Ph. D. Thesis, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. â€Å"Wahhabism and Saudi Arabia† in The Arabian Peninsula: Society and Politics, ed. by Derek Hopwood: London, George Allen Unwin, 1972, pp. 54-66 â€Å"The Wahhabis† in Religion in the Middle East ed. by A. J. Arberry: Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1969, pp. 270- 284 Descriptions du pashalic de Baghdad suivie d’une notice historique sur les Wahabis, et de quelques autres pieces relatives a l’histoire et a la litterature de l’Orient, Paris, Trouttel et Wurtz, 1809, pp. 125-182. J. L. Burckhardt, L. A. O. de Corancez, Andrew Crichton, Charles Montagu Doughty, H. A. R. Gibb, G. von Grunebaum, P. K. Hitti, W. W. Hunter, Mu`inuddin A? mad Khan, Henri Laoust, T. E. Lawrence, Idem. , Vincenzo Maurizi, V. B. Mehta, Hisham A. Nashshabah, R. A. Nicholson, C. M. Niebuhr, W. G. Palgrave, W. G. Palgrave, George Rentz, Idem. , Idem. , J. B. L. J. Rousseau, Page 13 The Problem of Historical Distortion Idem. , W. C. Smith, Samuel M. Zwemer, â€Å"Notice sur la secte des Wahabis†, Fundgruben des Orients, Vol. I, Wien, 1809, pp. 191198. Islam in Modern History: N. Y. , Mentor, 1957 Arabia the Cradle of Islam and The Mohammedan World of Today: N. Y. , Fleming H. Revell Co. , 1906 Page 14 How to cite Problem of Historical Distortion – Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab, Papers

Women and traumatic experiences

Introduction Typical societies comprise individuals of different race, gender, ethnic group, disability status, religious belief, and level of education. Based on these differences, there maybe minority and majority groups in the societies. A scenario is often witnessed in the societies whereby one group of individuals exercise power over the other group, which is forced to be submissive even to very cruel orders or actions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Women and traumatic experiences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Oppression is one area that currently attracts the attention of different psychologists. It refers to exercising authority and power on somebody in a cruel and unjustifiable manner. The oppression in this case can take different forms. It could be a physical oppression like physical abuse. It could also be psychological oppression following some strange event like earthquake, terrible accident, or sexual abuse. Oppression can pose adverse health problems to the victims. Whereas some forms of oppression are mild and can be tolerated, some kinds of oppression are severe and the victims may not overcome their undesirable negative consequences. The victims of such oppression in the societies are usually the minority groups in the society like those with disabilities. Females and children are other categories that are vulnerable to such effects of oppression. One of the effects of such oppression, especially on females, is psychological trauma. An individual is mentally disturbed following an experience of some oppression in this situation. A traumatic experience often translates into posttraumatic stress disorder whereby an individual is haunted by the experience. The condition is associated with various changes in the function of the individual’s central nervous system. Such individuals have difficulties in accommodating such events if they reoccur. The management of suc h situations requires an understanding of the history of one’s experiences. A psychologist is able to help such individuals to manage their emotions that are disturbed by the traumatic experiences. The psychologists must be able to understand how trauma manifests itself among different individuals. Proper therapy will then be developed depending on the identified causative factors. This paper focuses on the responses of females to traumatic experience like rape or natural disaster. It illuminates on the manifestation of this condition. It also focuses on how psychologists can intervene to help such individuals restore their normal emotions. Trauma and its symptoms Trauma is a condition in which an individual is mentally disturbed following some experience. A common traumatic experience that pose medical problem is rape committed by males on females. Sexual abuse by men is a kind of psychological oppression on women that poses mental disturbance to the latter.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They are also more vulnerable to other forms of discrimination like in employment or accesses to equitable social amenities than the males (McKenzie, 10). Females are also vulnerable to other traumatic events like natural disasters. The reactions of individuals to such events or experiences are often different. Whereas others may assume the event to be normal and deny its gravity, others are not able to accommodate them and are overwhelmed by the experience. The effects of such traumatic experiences also take different periods to be manifested in different individuals. The effects could be visible for as short as one week or it could take a number of decades. Some of these effects will be visible whereas others will be reflected on the victims’ actions. An individual who has had a traumatic experience has an unpredictable pattern of emotions and behaviors. The individuals are seen to have irregular responses to similar stimuli. The individual might be impressed by a given action or behavior in one instance only to be annoyed by the same behavior the next instance. The individuals also have hot tempers and are irritated by minor issues (Snelgrove, para.7). Stress related to trauma is also characterized by a confused state of mind. The victims have difficulties in concentrating in a given task especially those calling for effective decision-making. They show signs of anxiety and depression and may find difficulties in eating or sleeping well (Snelgrove, para.7). The inability to concentrate on a given task will reflect on one’s performance at work place. A significant drop in the level of performance of an individual at work place will be an indicator that the individual is undergoing some stress following a traumatic experience. Trauma also affects the social life of the victims. The females who have suffered some oppression from th e male counterparts find it difficult in developing a relationship with the males. They tend to avoid these individuals lest the same scenario occurs (Snelgrove, para.7). They always have an unnecessary flashback of their experience and would always want to keep some distance from the â€Å"bully† men. Extreme traumatic experiences may cause adverse physical health problems. The victims may experience headaches, chest pain, and nausea. Such individuals may also have abnormal response like increased heartbeat following a very mild experience.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Women and traumatic experiences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Effects of traumatic experience Traumatic experiences have physical, mental, and behavioral effects on the victims. These victims tend to engage in abuse of psychoactive substances like drugs and alcohol. Addiction to such substances has adverse effects on the physiologica l, behavioral, cognitive development of the victims (World health organization, para.1). The victims develop addictive disorders and are not able to stop these habits despite their adverse effects. Extreme traumatic experiences also lead to persistent anxiety and depression among the victims. Medical conditions like high blood pressure and heart diseases (heart failure) are also adverse effects of traumatic experience. This results from the effects of stress on the body physiology of the victims. The effects of a traumatic experience are also made worse if there are other pre-existing medical conditions. Victims of other medical conditions like diabetes, asthma, or chronic cold will have more pronounced medical conditions from the stress. Managing traumatic stress While some experiences can be accommodated and managed by the affected individuals, other experiences are extreme and require an intervention by a psychologist. In order to manage the stress and disorders following traumat ic experiences, psychologists need to understand that trauma occurs differently in different people. They need to understand that the healing process of such disorders may require a lot of time (Fanon, 264). Different people perceive the factors that are associated with traumatic experience differently. What one may consider as a traumatic experience may not have effects on the other person. It is important to note that the rates at which individuals recover from a traumatic experience are also different. These are determined by a number of factors. Consequently, the kind of psychological therapy provided to such individuals may also be different. Firstly, the extremity of a given traumatic experience will affect the rate of reaction or response to the condition. It will have effects on how the victim will manage the posttraumatic stress disorders. The components of the events that are traumatic are of important consideration in that an exposure to a single traumatic event may have a series of adverse experiences that have long-term effects (McFarlane Bryant, para.7). A female who had a serious sexual abuse and sustained physical injuries may take long time to come to terms with this experience. The oppression could have been inflicted on more than one female in a single scenario. The stress following the experience will be more adverse in case there were associated losses of lives. Similarly, massive destruction of property and loss of life from some major natural disaster may cause serious psychological problems.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, even for the traumatic experiences with similar magnitudes, the individuals have different abilities to manage the resulting mental disturbances. The number of times that such experiences have occurred in an individual’s life may affect how the individuals responds to, and recovers from, a given traumatic experience. An individual who has had a challenging traumatic experience and managed it well is better placed to cope up with a similar situation if it happens again. Another factor that affects an individual’s response to traumatic experience is the presence of other psychological challenges experienced by the individual. High poverty levels or lack of proper housing may worsen traumatic stresses (Anishnawbe Health Toronto, 16). Individuals with other psychological problems like that emanating from domestic violence or a long-term health problem like hypertension may find it difficult to cope up with an emotional disturbance following a traumatic experience . The consideration of these factors will enable psychologists and other mental health care specialists to develop a differential approach to help the victims manage the different situations. The psychologists and healthcare specialists should be able to risks of different individuals being harmed by the stresses or their possibility of harming others (Anishnawbe Health Toronto, 36). The gravity of mental health disorder caused is also considered here. The psychologists provide proper guidance to these individuals on how to respond to the serious stress and depression from such experiences. The therapy provided by the psychologists might incorporate different initiatives. Firstly, the psychologists should come up with group discussions that involve individuals with similar traumatic experiences. The psychologists need to encourage the victims to be relaxed and comfortable to share their feelings with the others. They should be encouraged to talk it out to friends and others with the same experience (Snelgrove, para.8). Meeting other individuals with similar experiences will motivate the victims to cope up with their emotional problems. The stress disorders are also characterized by unstable state of mind that can be corrected by relaxation techniques. The individuals should be encouraged to have enough rest or sleep to relieve some related stress. An application of other relaxation techniques is necessary in case an individual has difficulties in getting asleep. The techniques include reflexology, body massage, and physical exercises. The management of the stress disorders also requires that the victims have a healthy eating habit (Snelgrove, para.9). The psychologists should encourage the victims to eat adequate balanced diet. The victims of posttraumatic stress disorders may turn to alcohol and drugs to help them manage the stress and depression. This may lead to other health problems thus retarding the healing process (Snelgrove, para.9). A proper psychothe rapy practice will discourage use alcohol and drugs in managing stress from a traumatic experience. Besides, traumatic experiences are rekindled by occasions that are organized in memory of such events. An annual or biennial anniversary of some catastrophic event often regenerates fresh memories of the event by the victims. This makes management of the resulting conditions difficult. As such, such victims are not supposed to be allowed access or be exposed to such memorial occasions. The management of posttraumatic disorders has certain challenges. Depression is one major medical problem resulting from such traumatic experiences. Despite, the numerous methods that can be use to treat the conditions, the victims are reluctant to take the medications (Bell, para.12). They argue that they are very comfortable with their situations and will sort it out with others in the neighborhood. In such cases, there is need for the family members of such victims to intervene and subject the indivi duals to the appropriate medical care. The failure to take the appropriate mental health care initiatives results into scenes of crimes in the societies that are harmful to individuals within and outside the victims’ vicinity (Bell, para.12). It is also important to note that the period that elapses before a psychological or medical intervention is provided to victims of posttraumatic stress disorders will also determine the rate of recovery. An intervention that is provided immediately after the experience may work better than an intervention that is provided later in life. Conclusion It is thus important to acknowledge the fact that the traumatic experiences that individuals have (especially women) pose health challenges to the victims. Some of the experiences are mild and the victims may manage them without the intervention of other specialists. On the other hand, some of the situations may have adverse medical effects on the individuals and lead to various societal proble ms. The effects of traumatic experiences also occur differently in different people. These different situations should be identified at the right in order to make their management easier. It is the responsibility of every individual in the society to ensure that the victims of such mental disorders receive the appropriate medication. Works Cited Anishnawbe. â€Å"Health Toronto.† Mental Health Strategy. 2005. Web. Bell, Thaddeus. Film: Race and Medicine: Drapetomania, ICYOU. 2009. Web. Fanon, Frantz. â€Å"Colonial war and mental disorders.† The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove. 2004. Web. McFarlane, Alexander C. and Bryant, Richard A. â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder in occupational settings: anticipating and managing the risk.† Occupational Medicine, 57 (6): 404-410. 2007. Web. McKenzie, Kwame. Re-Conceptualizing â€Å"Trauma†: Examining the Mental Health Impact of Discrimination, Torture Migration for Racialized Groups in Toronto.  Web. Sn elgrove, Toby. Dealing with Traumatic Stress, Easton-Snelgrove. Web. World Health Organization. Substance Abuse. 2007. Web. This essay on Women and traumatic experiences was written and submitted by user Sage to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.